EImageMagick Display and Editor for the X Window System4NF,
B

 


Contents






Synopsis

C
display [ options ...] file /[ options ...] file


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Description

I
Display is a machine architecture independent image processingGand display program. It can display an image on any workstation screenJrunning an X server. Display can read and write many of theBmore popular image formats (e.g.>JPEG, TIFF, PNM, Photo CD, etc.). 

AWith display, you can perform these functions on an image:



D
* load an image from a fileA
* display the next imageC
* display the former imageW
* display a sequence of images as a slide showD
* write the image to a file?
* print the image to aPostScript printer@
* delete the image fileJ
* create a Visual Image DirectoryF
* select the image to displayby its thumbnail rather4
* than nameI
* undo last image transformationE
* copy a region of the imageF
* paste a region to the imageQ
* restore the image to its original size<
* refresh the image>
* half the image size@
* double the image size;
* resize the image9
* crop the image8
* cut the imageG
* flop image in the horizontal directionE
* flip image in the vertical directionF
* rotate the image 90 degrees clockwiseF
* rotate the image 90 degreescounter-clockwise;
* rotate the image:
* shear the image9
* roll the image?
* trim the image edgesI
* invert the colors of the imageD
* vary the color brightnessD
* vary the color saturation=
* vary the image hueB
* gamma correct the imageE
* sharpen the image contrastB
* dull the image contrastV
* perform histogram equalization on the imageW
* perform histogram normalization on the imageB
* negate the image colorsI
* convert the image to grayscale_
* set the maximum number of unique colors in the imageN
* reduce the speckles within an imageM
* eliminate peak noise from an imageH
* detect edges within the image:
* emboss an imageE
* segment the image by colorC
* simulate an oil paintingF
* simulate a charcoal drawingG
* annotate the image with text<
* draw on the imageD
* edit an image pixel colorK
* edit the image matte informationJ
* composite an image with anotherD
* add a border to the imageD
* add a border to the imageS
* surround image with an ornamental borderA
* apply image processing"techniques to a region of interestD
* display information about the imageF
* zoom a portion of the imageH
* show a histogram of the imageF
* display image to background of a window?
* set user preferencesD
* display information about this programF
* discard all images and exitprogramL
* change the level of magnification}
* display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)



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Examples

<
To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in9width and 480 pixels in height and position the window atlocation (200,200), use:
4    display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff
6
To display an image of a cockatoo without a bordercentered on a backdrop, use:
0    display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff
6
To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:
2    display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png
8
To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
    display 'vid:*.jpg'
>
To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480&pixels in height with 256 colors, use:
*    display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map
?
To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World>Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL), use:
8    display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg
*
To display histogram of an image, use:
,    convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -



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Options



-backdrop-
display the image centered on a backdrop.

6

This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen0and is useful for hiding other X window activity4while viewing the image. The color of the backdropAis specified as the background color. Refer to XResources for details.

6

-border <width>x<height>?
surround the image with a border of color. See X(1)-for details about the geometry specification.

@

The color of the border is obtained from the X server@and is defined as bordercolor (class borderColor).See X(1) for details.

>

See X(1) for details about the color specification.

-colormap type:
the type of colormap: Shared or Private.

6

This option only applies when the default X serverJvisual is PseudoColor or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual3for more details. By default, a shared colormap is0allocated. The image shares colors with other X2clients. Some image colors could be approximated,1therefore your image may look very different than<intended. Choose Private and the image colors appear4exactly as they are defined. However, other clients4may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.



-colors value,
preferred number of colors in the image.

8

The actual number of colors in the image may be less3than your request, but never more. Note, this is a0color reduction option. Images with less unique2colors than specified with this option will remainDunchanged. Refer to quantize for more details.

HThe Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves,the matte channel of the image if it exists.

GNote, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth%affect the color reduction algorithm.

#

-colorspace valueA
the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB,JTransparent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.

7

Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB.color space. Empirical evidence suggests that,distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ/correspond to perceptual color differences more4closely than do distances in RGB space. These color5spaces may give better results when color reducing anNimage. Refer to quantize for more details.

?The -colors or -monochrome option is required forthis option to take effect.

!

-comment string%
annotate an image with a comment.

5

By default, each image is commented with its file3name. Use this option to assign a specific comment3to the image. Optionally you can include the image1filename, type, width, height, or scene number by9embedding special format characters. Embed %f forJfilename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height,B%s for scene number, %b for file size in kilobytes,'or \n for newline. For example,

!

-comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

E

produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an?image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and heightis 480.

J

If the first character of string is @, the image comment9is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

-compress typeI
the type of image compression: Zip or RunlengthEncoded.

>

Use this option with -write to specify the the typeBof image compression. See miff fordetails.

<

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an4uncompressed format. The default is the compression!type of the specified image file.



-contrast)
enhance or reduce the image contrast.

2

This option enhances the intensity differences5between the lighter and darker elements of the image.@Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast toreduce the image contrast.

?

-crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x"offset>{+-}<y offset>5
preferred size and location of the cropped image..See X(1) for details about the geometryspecification.

4

To specify a percentage width or height instead,6append %. For example to crop the image by ten8percent on all sides of the image, use -crop 10%.

9

Use cropping to apply image processing options to, orMdisplay, a particular area of an image. Use -crop 0x0 to remove edges8that are the background color. Omit the x and y offset4to generate one or more subimages of a uniform size.

,The equivalent X resource for this option isGcropGeometry (class CropGeometry). See XResources for details.

-delay seconds)
display the next image after pausing.

8

This option is useful when viewing several images in/sequence. Each image will display and wait the4number of seconds specified before the next image is3displayed. The default is to display the image and2wait until you choose to display the next image orterminate the program.

7

-density <width>x<height>>
vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.

8

This option specifies an image density when decodingGa PostScript or Portable Document page. The default is the same<as the resolution of your X server (see xdpyinfo(1)).



-despeckle(
reduce the speckles within an image.

0

-display host:display[.screen]7
specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

!

-dispose method
GIF disposal method.

L

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Specification 89a of July 31, 1990 fordetails.



-dither7
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

9

The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity2resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the2intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images1which suffer from severe contouring when reducing(colors can be improved with this option.

C

The -colors or -monochrome option is required forthis option to take effect.



-edge factorG
detect edges within an image. Specify factor as the percentenhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).



-enhance4
apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.



-flip,
scanlines in the vertical direction.



-flop7
create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image* scanlines in the horizontal direction.

e

-frame <width>x<height+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>:
surround the image with an ornamental border. See: X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

5

The color of the border is specified with the+ -mattecolor command line option.



-gamma value
level of gamma correction.

3

The same color image displayed on two different5workstations may look different due to differences in4the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust4for this color difference. Reasonable values extendfrom 0.8 to 2.3.

3

You can apply separate gamma values to the red,2green, and blue channels of the image with a gammaKvalue list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).

C

-geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x1offset>{+-}<y offset>{!}{<}{>}C
preferred size and location of the image window. See9X(1) for details about the geometry specification.5By default, the window size is the image size and the,location is chosen by you when it is mapped.

8

By default, the width and height are maximum values.3That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit0the width and height value while maintaining the1aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation0point to the geometry to force the image size to2exactly the size you specify. For example, if you<specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels4and height to 480. If only one factor is specified,+both the width and height assume the value.

CUse > to change the dimensions of the image onlyDif its size exceeds the geometry specification. < resizesCthe image only if its dimensions is less than the geometryFspecification. For example, if you specify 640x480> and theCimage size is 512x512, the image size does not change. However, if1the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

4

To specify a percentage width or height instead,4append %. The image size is multiplied by the width0and height percentages to obtain the final image4dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a3value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an-image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

=

When displaying an image on an X server, <x offset>4and <y offset> is relative to the root window.

@

The equivalent X resource for this option is geometryJ(class Geometry). See X Resources for details.

!

-interlace typeK
the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane,2or Partition. The default is Plane.

I

This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for rawIimage formats such as RGB or YUV. None means do notHinterlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacingC(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses planeLinterlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). Partition is like planeIexcept the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R,image.G, and image.B).

H

Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF !or progressive JPEG image.



-immutable'
displayed image cannot be modified.



-label name
assign a label to an image.

5

Use this option to assign a specific label to the,image. Optionally you can include the image5filename, type, width, height, or scene number in the5label by embedding special format characters. EmbedP%f for filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h forKheight, %s for scene number, %b for file size in kilobytes, 'or \n for newline. For example,



-label "%m:%f %wx%h"

C

produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an?image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and heightis 480.

K

If the first character of string is @, the image label is:read from a file titled by the remaining characters in thestring.

D

When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify)a header string to print above the image.



-map type;
display image using this Standard Colormap type.

5

Choose from these Standard Colormap types:

      best
      default
      gray	      red      green
      blue


E

The X server must support the Standard Colormap you?choose, otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the typeOand display searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom 6order until one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for'one way of creating Standard Colormaps.



-matteJ
store matte channel (transparent channel) if the image has one.



-monochrome+
transform the image to black and white.



-negate#
apply color inversion to image.

8

The red, green, and blue intensities of an image areHnegated. Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of theimage.



-page D<width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>4
size and location of the PostScript page.

4

Use this option to specify the dimensions of the;PostScript page in pixels per inch or a TEXT page in7pixels. The default for a PostScript page is to4center the image on a letter page 612 by 792 pixels.2The margins are 1/2" (i.e. 612x792+42+42). Othercommon sizes are:
       Letter      612x 792       Tabloid     792x1224       Ledger     1224x 792       Legal       612x1008       Statement   396x 612       Executive   540x 720       A3          842x1190       A4          595x 842       A5          420x 595       B4          729x1032       B5          516x 729       Folio       612x 936       Quarto      610x 780       10x14       720x1008
:
For convenience you can specify the page size by media(e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.).

5

The page geometry is relative to the vertical andFhorizontal density of the PostScript page. See -density for details.

JTo position a GIF image, use -page +LEFT+TOP (e.g. -page +100+200).

C

The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

-quality value
JPEG quality setting.

H

Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is 75.

5

-raise <width>x<height>I
lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect. See X(1)-for details about the geometry specification.

M

Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

9

-roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>>
roll an image vertically or horizontally. See X(1)-for details about the geometry specification.

@

A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A7negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

-

-rotate degrees{<}{>},
apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

O

Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds theNheight. < rotates the image only if its width is less thanLthe height. For example, if you specify -90> and the image sizeFis 480x640, the image is not rotated by the specified angle. However,6if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.

9

Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are:filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class2borderColor). See X(1) for details.

"

-sample geometry>
scale image with pixel sampling. See -geometry for)details about the geometry specification.



-scene value
image scene number.

7

Use this option to specify an image sequence with a9single filename. See the discussion of file below for details.

-segment value.
eliminate clusters that are insignificant.

8

The number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the-the cluster threshold to be considered valid.

!

-sharpen factor;
sharpen an image. Specify factor as the percentenhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

<

-size <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+offset}{!}"
width and height of the image.

6

Use this option to specify the width and height of<raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY,ARGB, or CMYK. In addition to width and height, useA-size to skip any header information in the image tell theFnumber of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

1

For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:
       192x128       384x256       768x512       1536x1024       3072x2048
N
Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIGimage (e.g. -size 1024x768).

#

-texture filename6
name of texture to tile onto the image background.

"

-treedepth value8
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero3or one tells display to choose a optimal tree depth"for the color reduction algorithm.

.

An optimal depth generally allows the best3representation of the source image with the fastest3computational speed and the least amount of memory.4However, the default depth is inappropriate for some/images. To assure the best representation, try4values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to> quantize for more details.

C

The -colors or -monochrome option is required forthis option to take effect.

!

-update seconds5
detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

6

Suppose that while you are displaying an image the1file that is currently displayed is over-written.<display will automatically detect that the input file/has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.



-verbose/
print detailed information about the image.

4

This information is printed: image scene number;<image name; image size; the image class (DirectClass;or PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors;3and the number of seconds to read and transform theFimage. Refer to miff for a descriptionof the image class.

@

If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors1in the image and color reduction error values areDprinted. Refer to quantize for adescription of these values.



-visual type)
display image using this visual type.

%

Choose from these visual classes:
      StaticGray      GrayScale      StaticColor      PseudoColor      TrueColor      DirectColor
      default      visual id
E
The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise:an error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual:class that can display the most simultaneous colors on the)default X server screen is chosen.



-window id3
set the background pixmap of this window to theimage.

A

id can be a window id or name. Specify root to,select X's root window as the target window.

8

By default the image is tiled onto the background of@the target window. If -backdrop or -geometry are4specified, the image is surrounded by the background=color. Refer to X Resources for details.

8

The image will not display on the root window if the3image has more unique colors than the target window<colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number ofcolors.

"

-window_group id2
exit program when this window id is destroyed.

)

id can be a window id or name.

!

-write filename
write image to a file.

=

If file already exists, you will be prompted as to!whether it should be overwritten.

7

By default, the image is written in the format that1it was read in as. To specify a particular image:format, prefix file with the image type and a colon0(i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the4filename suffix (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for5a list of valid image formats. Specify file as - for8standard output. If file has the extension .Z orB.gz, the file size is compressed using with compress;or gzip respectively. Precede the image file name |;to pipe to a system command. If file already exists,/you will be prompted as to whether it should be overwritten.


5

Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.

0

The equivalent X resource for this option isIwriteFilename (class WriteFilename). See XResources for details.

<

In addition to those listed above, you can specify these-standard X resources as command line options:K-background, -bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font,9-foreground, -iconGeometry, -iconic,5-mattecolor, -name, or -title. 0See X Resources for details.

<

Options are processed in command line order. Any option:you specify on the command line remains in effect until it9is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with7a different effect. For example to display two images,5the first with 32 colors, and the second with only 16 colors, use:
<      display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff
<
Change - to + in any option above to reverse its effect.AFor example, specify +matte to store the image without itsmatte channel.

;

By default, the image format is determined by its magic(number. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with anOimage format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps).

B

When you specify X as your image type, the filename has:special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, orAroot. If no filename is specified, the window is selected,by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

:

Specify file as - for standard input. If file has the@extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed withHuncompress or gunzip respectively. Precede the image file%name | to pipe from a system command.

K

Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specifyCa desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CDI(e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]).BA subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,4,7]).GFor raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

9

Single images are read with the filename you specify.7Alternatively, you can display an image sequence with a8single filename. Define the range of the image sequence6with -scene. Each image in the range is read with the8filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number.@You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format-specification in the file name. For example,
    -scene 0-9 image%02d.miff
2displays files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image09.miff.


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Mouse Buttons

8
The effects of each button press is described below.5Three buttons are required. If you have a two button@mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned. Press ALT and button3 to simulate button 2.



L
1 - Press this button to map or unmap the Command widget .3See the next section for more information about theCommand widget.

@

2 - Press and drag to define a region of the image tomagnify.

N

3 - Press and drag to choose from a select set of display(1)Lcommands. This button behaves differently if the image being displayed is a9visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the4directory and press this button and drag to select a3command from a pop-up menu. Choose from these menuitems:



    
  • Open
  • Next
  • Former
  • Delete
  • Update



?If you choose Open, the image represented by the tile isGdisplayed. To return to the visual image directory, choose NextFfrom the Command widget (refer to Command Widget).2Next and Former moves to the next orGformer image respectively. Choose Delete to delete a particularGimage tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize all the image(tiles with their respective images. See-montage and5miff for more details.



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Command Widget

6
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus andcommands. They are





>

Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They9are represented above as the indented items. To access a7sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu7and press button 1 and drag. When you find the desired4sub-menu item, release the button and the command is9executed. Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you+decide not to execute a particular command.


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Keyboard Accelerators

9
Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a3particular command. The keyboard accelerators thatdisplay understands is:
E    Ctl+O     Press to load an image from a file..    space     Press to display the next image.
4
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a<PostScript document, you can skip ahead several pages.by proceeding this command with a number. For5example to display the fourth page beyond the currentpage, press 4space.
0    backspace Press to display the former image.
4
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a7PostScript document, you can skip behind several4pages by proceeding this command with a number. For1example to display the fourth page proceeding thecurrent page, press 4n.
/    Ctl-S    Press to save the image to a file.E    Ctl-P    Press to print the image to a PostScript printer.+    Ctl-D    Press to delete an image file.,    Ctl-N    Press to create a blank canvas.:    Ctl-Q    Press to discard all images and exit program.5    Ctl+Z    Press to undo last image transformation.5    Ctl+R    Press to redo last image transformation.D    Ctl-X    Press to cut a region of the image.E    Ctl-C    Press to copy a region of the image.F    Ctl-V    Press to paste a region to the image.*    <     Press to half the image size.8    .        Press to return to the original image size.,    >     Press to double the image size.I    %        Press to resize the image to a width and height you specify.?    Cmd-A    Press to make any image transformations permanent.     F             By default, any image size transformations are applied toF             the original image to create the image displayed on the XD             server.  However, the transformations are not permanentE             (i.e. the original image does not change size only the XG             image does).  For example, if you press ;gt the XB             image will appear to double in size, but the originalC             image will in fact remain the same size.  To force theJ             original image to double in size, press ;gt followed             by Cmd-A./    @        Press to refresh the image window.9    C        Press to crop the image.9    [        Press to chop the image.=    H        Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.;    V        Press to flip image in the vertical direction.<    /        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.D    \        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise.]    *        Press to rotate the image the number of degrees you specify.H    S        Press to shear the image the number of degrees you specify.%    R        Press to roll the image.+    T        Press to trim the image edges.)    Shft-H   Press to vary the color hue.0    Shft-S   Press to vary the color saturation.0    Shft-L   Press to vary the image brightness..    Shft-G   Press to gamma correct the image.2    Shft-C   Press to spiff up the image contrast..    Shft-Z   Press to dull the image contrast.B    =        Press to perform histogram equalization on the image.C    Shft-N   Press to perform histogram normalization on the image.5    Shft-~   Press to negate the colors of the image.7    .        Press to convert the image colors to gray.K    Shft-#   Press to set the maximum number of unique colors in the image.6    F2       Press to reduce the speckles in an image.9    F3       Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.,    F4       Press to add noise to an image.'    F5       Press to sharpen an image.*    F6       Press to blur image an image.*    F7       Press to threshold the image.3    F8       Press to detect edges within an image.&    F9       Press to emboss an image.9    F10      Press to displace pixels by a random amount.B    F11      Press to negate all pixels above the threshold level.C    F12      Press to shade the image using a distant light source.K    F13      Press to lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect.1    F14      Press to segment the image by color.:    Meta-S   Press to swirl image pixels about the center.<    Meta-I   Press to implode image pixels about the center./    Meta-P   Press to simulate an oil painting.2    Meta-C   Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.M    Alt-X    Press to composite the image with another.G    Alt-A    Press to annotate the image with text.C    Alt-D    Press to draw a line on the image.D    Alt-P    Press to edit an image pixel color.K    Alt-M    Press to edit the image matte information.M    Alt-X    Press to composite the image with another.0    Alt-A    Press to add a border to the image.:    Alt-F    Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.+    Shft-!   Press to add an image comment.P    Ctl-A    Press to apply image processing techniques to a region of interest.:    Shft-?   Press to display information about the image.0    Shft-+   Press to map the zoom image window.C    Shft-P   Press to preview an image enhancement, effect, or f/x.@    F1       Press to display helpful information about display.=    Find     Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.8    1-9      Press to change the level of magnification.


<

Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down,5left, or right within the magnify window. Be sure to2first map the magnify window by pressing button 2.

=

Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixelfrom any side of the image.


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X Resources 

D
Display options can appear on the command line or in your7X resource file. Options on the command line supersede>values specified in your X resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.

D

Most display options have a corresponding X resource. In8addition, display uses the following X resources:




$background (class Background)6
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image(window background. The default is #ccc.




&borderColor (class BorderColor)6
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image$window border. The default is #ccc.




&borderWidth (class BorderWidth)5
Specifies the width in pixels of the image windowborder. The default is 2.




*browseCommand (class browseCommand)L
Specifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying ImageMagick4documentation. The default is netscape %s.




&confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)>
Display pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting theFprogram when exiting the program. Set this resource to Falseto exit without a confirmation.




(displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)(
Specifies the gamma of the X server.

C

You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blueEchannels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes(i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).



The default is 2.2.




.displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)B
Display pops up a dialog box whenever a warning messageHoccurs. Set this resource to False to ignore warning messages.




*editorCommand (class editorCommand)3
Specifies the name of the preferred editor when'editing image comments. The default is4xterm -title "Edit Image Comment" -e vi %s.




font (class FontList)6
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in/normal formatted text. The default is 14 point Helvetica.




"font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])8
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use whenGannotating the image window with text. The default/fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8, 6x10, 7x13bold,%8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.




$foreground (class Foreground)8
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within(the image window. The default is black.




(gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)N
This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of known gamma toLmatch the gamma of the display (see resource displayGamma).The default is True.




geometry (class Geometry)4
Specifies the preferred size and position of the2image window. It is not necessarily obeyed by allwindow managers.




(iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)4
Specifies the preferred size and position of the2application when iconified. It is not necessarilyobeyed by all window managers.




iconic (class Iconic)6
This resource indicates that you would prefer that5the application's windows initially not be visible as3if the windows had be immediately iconified by you.+Window managers may choose not to honor theapplication's request.




magnify (class Magnify)3
specifies an integral factor by which the image&should be enlarged. The default is 3.

4

This value only affects the magnification windowIwhich is invoked with button number 3 after the image is displayed.




$matteColor (class MatteColor)5
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the1backgrounds of windows, menus, and notices. A 3D2effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow8colors derived from this color. Default value: #697B8F.




name (class Name)0
This resource specifies the name under which4resources for the application should be found. This2resource is useful in shell aliases to distinguish.between invocations of an application, without3resorting to creating links to alter the executable0file name. The default is the application name.




pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])9
Specifies the color of the preferred font to use whenGannotating the image window with text. The default/colors are black, blue, green, cyan, gray, red,magenta, yellow, and white.




(printCommand (class PrintCommand)5
This command is executed whenever Print is issuedJIn general, it is the command to print PostScript to your printer. "Default value: lpr -r %s.




(sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)2
This resource specifies whether display should3attempt use shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick4must be compiled with shared memory support, and the+display must support the MIT-SHM extension.4Otherwise, this resource is ignored. The default isTrue.




textFont (class textFont)6
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use inJfixed (typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.




title (class Title)8
This resource specifies the title to be used for the4image window. This information is sometimes used by4a window manager to provide a header identifying the,window. The default is the image file name.




"undoCache (class UndoCache)K
Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit cache.LEach time you modify the image it is saved in the undo edit cache as long asMmemory is available. You can subsequently undo one or more of these/transformations. The default is 16 mega-bytes.




"usePixmap (class UsePixmap)6
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set0this resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap5instead. This option is useful if your image exceeds3the dimensions of your server screen and you intend.to pan the image. Panning is much faster with5Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a,precious resource, use them with discretion.



<

To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use:the geometry resource. For example, to set the Pan windowgeometry to 256x256, use:





!
display.pan.geometry: 256x256



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Image Loading

H
To select an image to display, choose Open of the FileHsub-menu from the Command widget. A file browser is7displayed. To choose a particular image file, move the2pointer to the filename and press any button. The?filename is copied to the text window. Next, press Open@or press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the:image file name directly into the text window. To descend9directories, choose a directory name and press the button2twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of4filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it"exceeds the size of the list area.

6

You can trim the list of file names by using shellCglobbing characters. For example, type *.jpg to list only"files that end with .jpg.

<

To select your image from the X server screen instead of:from a file, Choose Grab of the Open widget.


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Visual Image Directory

5
To create a Visual Image Directory, choose VisualFDirectory of the File sub-menu from the Commandwidget . A4file browser is displayed. To create a Visual Image7Directory from all the images in the current directory,Fpress Directory or press the RETURN key. Alternatively,2you can select a set of image names by using shell8globbing characters. For example, type *.jpg to include7only files that end with .jpg. To descend directories,2choose a directory name and press the button twice9quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to8be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the sizeof the list area.

9

After you select a set of files, they are turned into7thumbnails and tiled onto a single image. Now move the?pointer to a particular thumbnail and press button 3 and:drag. Finally, select Open. The image represented by theAthumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next from?the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to theVisual Image Directory.


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Image Cutting

>
Note that cut information for image window is not retained:for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,KStaticColor, GRAYScale, PseudoColor). Correct cuttingGbehavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual ora Standard Colormap.

J

To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the9Command widget. Alternatively, pressF3 in the image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor6in the image window. You are now in cut mode. In cut+mode, the Command widget has these options:





=

To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut9region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands5or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are7satisfied with the cut region, release the button. You6are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Commandwidget has these options:





<

You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of1the cut rectangle corners, pressing a button, and9dragging. Finally, press Cut to commit your copy region.1To exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.


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Image Copying

K
To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the9Command widget. Alternatively, pressF4 in the image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor8in the image window. You are now in copy mode. In copy+mode, the Command widget has these options:





:

To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The6copy region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that9expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you7are satisfied with the copy region, release the button.:You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Commandwidget has these options:





<

You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of2the copy rectangle corners, pressing a button, and:dragging. Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region.1To exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.


#Back to Contents






Image Pasting

L
To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the9Command widget. Alternatively, pressF5 in the image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor8in the image window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit7immediately, press Dismiss. In Paste mode, the Commandwidget has these options:





C

Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menuHof the Command widget. How each operator behaves is>described below. image window is the image currentlyCdisplayed on your X server and image is the image obtainedwith the File Browser widget.




overH
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image9obscuring image window in the region of overlap.




in;
The result is simply image cut by the shape ofHimage window. None of the image data of image window is in theresult.




out;
The resulting image is image with the shape ofimage window cut out.




atop?
The result is the same shape as image window, withMimageimage window where the image shapes overlap.@Note this differs from over because the portion of image outside<image window's shape does not appear in the result.




xor=
The result is the image data from both image andMimage window that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.




plusL
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are croppedAto 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.




minusH
The result of image - image window, with underflowKcropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).




addG
The result of image + image window, with overflowwrapping around (mod 256).




subtractH
The result of image - image window, with underflowIwrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to#perform reversible transformations.




differenceH
The result of abs(image - image window). This is-useful for comparing two very similar images.

bumpmapD
The result of image window shaded by window.




replace>
The resulting image is image window replaced with7image. Here the matte information is ignored.



>

The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in:the image for some operations. This extra channel usually9defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter8for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full8coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and8between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not6have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any:pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwiseL255. See Matte Editing for a method of defining a mattechannel.

7

Note that matte information for image window is notMretained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor,HGrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may require aLTrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.

;

Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default9operator is replace. However, you must choose a location6to composite your image and press button 1. Press and6hold the button before releasing and an outline of the5image will appear to help you identify your location.

=

The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However,8the color that appears in image window may be different.5For example, on a monochrome screen image window will7appear black or white even though your pasted image may8have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is7written with the correct colors. To assure the correctAcolors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image.is promoted to DirectClass. To force aJPseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.


#Back to Contents






Image Cropping

G
To begin, press choose Crop of the Transform submenu ,from the Command widget.?Alternatively, press [ in the image window.

9A small window appears showing the location of the cursor8in the image window. You are now in crop mode. In crop+mode, the Command widget has these options:





>

To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The:cropping region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that9expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you3are satisfied with the cropping region, release the7button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode,%the Command widget has these options:





<

You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of6the cropping rectangle corners, pressing a button, and6dragging. Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping;region. To exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.


#Back to Contents






Image Chopping

;
An image is chopped interactively. There is no command@line argument to chop an image. To begin, choose Chop of>the Transform sub-menu from the CommandDwidget. Alternatively, press ] in the Imagewindow.

@

You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press;Dismiss. In Chop mode, the Command widget has theseoptions:





;

If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the:default), the area of the image between the two horizontal6endpoints of the chop line is removed. Otherwise, the7area of the image between the two vertical endpoints ofthe chop line is removed.

;

Select a location within the image window to begin your8chop, press and hold any button. Next, move the pointer:to another location in the image. As you move a line will7connect the initial location and the pointer. When you8release the button, the area within the image to chop is9determined by which direction you choose from the Commandwidget.

>

To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the2starting point of the line and release the button.


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Image Rotation

:
Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ torotate -90 degrees. To3interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose<Rotate... of the Transform submenu from the Command Widget. Alternatively, press * inthe image window.

>

A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You3are now in rotate mode. To exit immediately, press6Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widget has theseoptions:





<

Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.6Additional background colors can be specified with the9color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting7the X resources pen1 through pen9. 

B

If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can8select the background color by moving the pointer to the1desired color on the screen and press any button.

<

Choose a point in the image window and press this button8and hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in3the image. As you move a line connects the initial7location and the pointer. When you release the button,:the degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of5the line you just drew. The slope is relative to the7direction you choose from the Direction sub-menu of theCommand widget.

>

To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the2starting point of the line and release the button.





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Image Segmentation

H
Choose Effects->segment to segment an image by analyzing theMhistograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous9with the fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter<analyzes the histograms of the three color components of the;image and identifies a set of classes. The extents of each0class is used to coarsely segment the image with6thresholding. The color associated with each class is5determined by the mean color of all pixels within the9extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassifiedJpixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.

9The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:





>

The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by<finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum<of squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to5the closest class of which the fuzzy membership has amaximum value.

For additional information see:

; Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image6 Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and9 the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques", Pattern Recognition,+ Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.



*Back to Contents






Image Annotation

=
An image is annotated interactively. There is no command5line argument to annotate an image. To begin, chooseKAnnotate of the Image Edit sub-menu from the ACommand widget. Alternatively, press a inthe image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor7in the image window. You are now in annotate mode. To7exit immediately, press Dismiss. In annotate mode, the!Command widget has these options:





:

Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu.4Additional font names can be specified with the fontHbrowser. You can change the menu names by setting the X"resources font1 through font9.

<

Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu.6Additional font colors can be specified with the colorIbrowser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X"resources pen1 through pen9. 

B

If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can:choose the font color by moving the pointer to the desired)color on the screen and press any button.

D

If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from6the menu and select an angle. Typically you will only8want to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on1the angle you choose, subsequent lines may end upoverwriting each other.

;

Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default7font is fixed and the default color is black. However,5you must choose a location to begin entering text and7press a button. An underscore character will appear at5the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a1pencil to indicate you are in text mode. To exitimmediately, press Dismiss.

<

In text mode, any key presses will display the character1at the location of the underscore and advance the6underscore cursor. Enter your text and once completed:press Dismiss to finish your image annotation. To correct<errors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of@text, press DELETE. Any text that exceeds the boundaries7of the image window is automatically continued onto the next line.

=

The actual color you request for the font is saved in the5image. However, the color that appears in your Image6window may be different. For example, on a monochrome6screen the text will appear black or white even if you5choose the color red as the font color. However, the<image saved to a file with -write is written with red9lettering. To assure the correct color text in the finalEimage, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass=(see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain'PseudoClass, use -colors.


#Back to Contents






Image Compositing

@
An image composite is created interactively. There is no;command line argument to composite an image. To begin,Jchoose Composite of the Image Edit from the KCommand widget. Alternatively, press x in the Imagewindow.

=

First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enterHan image name. Press Composite, Grab or type a file name.;Press Cancel if you choose not to create a composite<image. When you choose Grab, move the pointer to the$desired window and press any button.FIf the Composite image does not have any matte information, youEare informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the nameKof a mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as theCcomposite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted toFgrayscale and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor7in the image window. You are now in composite mode. To8exit immediately, press Dismiss. In composite mode, the!Command widget has these options:





<

Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu4of the Command widget. How each operator behaves is5described below. image window is the image currently:displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained




overH
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image9obscuring image window in the region of overlap.




in;
The result is simply image cut by the shape ofHimage window. None of the image data of image window is in theresult.




out;
The resulting image is image with the shape ofimage window cut out.




atop?
The result is the same shape as image window, withMimageimage window where the image shapes overlap.@Note this differs from over because the portion of image outside<image window's shape does not appear in the result.




xor=
The result is the image data from both image andMimage window that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.




plusL
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are croppedAto 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.




minusH
The result of image - image window, with underflowKcropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).




addG
The result of image + image window, with overflowwrapping around (mod 256).




subtractH
The result of image - image window, with underflowIwrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to#perform reversible transformations.




differenceH
The result of abs(image - image window). This is-useful for comparing two very similar images.

bumpmapD
The result of image window shaded by window.




replace>
The resulting image is image window replaced with7image. Here the matte information is ignored.



>

The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in:the image for some operations. This extra channel usually9defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter8for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full8coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and8between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not6have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any:pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwiseL255. See Matte Editing for a method of defining a mattechannel.

K

If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over./The image matte channel percent transparency is:initialized to factor. The image window is initialized to7(100-factor). Where factor is the value you specify inthe Dialog widget.

M

Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map.=With this option, image is used as a displacement map.NBlack, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. WhitePis a maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacementMis scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement appliesHin both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify>mask, image is the horizontal X displacement and(mask the vertical Y displacement.

7

Note that matte information for image window is not/retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g.9StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).>Correct compositing behavior may require a TrueColor or8DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.

;

Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default9operator is replace. However, you must choose a location6to composite your image and press button 1. Press and6hold the button before releasing and an outline of the5image will appear to help you identify your location.

6

The actual colors of the composite image is saved.6However, the color that appears in image window may be5different. For example, on a monochrome screen Image2window will appear black or white even though your7composited image may have many colors. If the image is:saved to a file it is written with the correct colors. To7assure the correct colors are saved in the final image,<any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (seeDmiff). To force a PseudoClass7image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.


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Color Editing

:
Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed9interactively. There is no command line argument to editBa pixel. To begin, choose Color from the Image Edit2submenu of the Command widget.?Alternatively, press c in the image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor8in the image window. You are now in color edit mode. To@exit immediately, press Dismiss. In color edit mode, the(Command widget has these options:





:Choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.7Additional pixel colors can be specified with the colorIbrowser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X"resources pen1 through pen9. 

?Next, choose a color editing method from the Method sub-Hmenu of the Command widget. The point method recolors any4pixel selected with the pointer unless the button is<released. The replace method recolors any pixel that7matches the color of the pixel you select with a button<press. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the:color of the pixel you select with a button press and is a?neighbor. Finally reset changes the entire image to thedesignated color.

5Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image5window to change its color. Additional pixels may beBrecolored as prescribed by the method you choose. You can recolorAadditional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta valueCis first added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the=target color. Any pixels within the range is also recolored.

HIf the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioningEyour pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively youNcan select a pixel to recolor from within the Magnify widget. Move theDpointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with theEcursor control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selectedpixel (or pixels).

7The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in9the image. However, the color that appears in your Image6window may be different. For example, on a monochrome7screen the pixel will appear black or white even if you6choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the5image saved to a file with -write is written with red6pixels. To assure the correct color text in the finalEimage, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass-To force a PseudoClass image to remain'PseudoClass, use -colors.



#Back to Contents






Matte Editing

8
Matte information within an image is useful for some;operations such as image compositing.)This extra channel usually defines a mask9which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.6This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for7pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zeroand 255 on the boundary.

5

Setting the matte information in an image is done9interactively. There is no command line argument to editDa pixel. To begin, and choose Matte of the Image Edit5sub-menu from the Command widget.

C

Alternatively, press m in the image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor8in the image window. You are now in matte edit mode. To9exit immediately, press Dismiss. In matte edit mode, the!Command widget has these options:





@Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu ofHthe Command widget. The point method changes the matte:value of the any pixel selected with the pointer until the@button is released. The replace method changes the matte:value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you?select with a button press. Floodfill changes the matte:value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel youBselect with a button press and is a neighbor. Finally reset7changes the entire image to the designated matte value.

AChoose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte>value. Enter a value between 0 and 255. This value is4assigned as the matte value of the selected pixel orpixels.

8Now, press any button to select a pixel within the ImageDwindow to change its matte value. You can change the matte value ofDadditional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is@first added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of theFtarget color. Any pixels within the range also have their matte valueupdated.

9If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpfulAin positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button 2).NAlternatively you can select a pixel to change the matte value from within theIMagnify widget. Move the pointer to the Magnify widget andLposition the pixel with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to9change the matte value of the selected pixel (or pixels).

>Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image.6Therefore, any PseudoClass image is promoted to0DirectClass. Note that matte information?for PseudoClass is not retained for colormapped X server6visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale,<PseudoColor) unless you immediately save your image to a:file (refer to Write). Correct matte editing behavior mayHrequire a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.



#Back to Contents






Image Drawing

A
An image is drawn upon interactively. There is no commandDline argument to draw on an image. To begin, choose DrawMof the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget?Alternatively, press d in the image window.

<

The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in8draw mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw+mode, the Command widget has these options:





B

Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.

D

Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional8colors can be specified with the color browser. You canJchange the menu colors by setting the X resources pen16through pen9. The transparent color updates the image2matte channel and is useful for image compositing.

B

If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can7select the primitive color by moving the pointer to theBdesired color on the screen and press any button. The transparent7color updates the image matte channel and is useful forimage compositing.

G

Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu.;Additional stipples can be specified with the file browser.>Stipples obtained from the file browser must be on disk in theX11 bitmap format.

H

Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu.;To choose a specific width select the Dialog widget.

=

Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and8hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the9image. As you move, a line connects the initial location8and the pointer. When you release the button, the image,is updated with the primitive you just drew.HFor polygons, the image is updated when you press and release the buttonwithout moving the pointer.

9

To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the2starting point of the line and release the button.


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Region of Interest

:
To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel?Transform sub-menu from the Command widget.?Alternatively, press R in the image window.

=

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor7in the image window. You are now in region of interest9mode. In region of interest mode, the Command widget hasthese options:





<

To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag.2The region of interest is defined by a highlighted5rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the3pointer. Once you are satisfied with the region of9interest, release the button. You are now in apply mode.3In apply mode the Command widget has these options:





9

You can make adjustments to the region of interest by3moving the pointer to one of the rectangle corners,:pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, choose an image6processing technique from the Command widget. You can8choose more than one image processing technique to apply6to an area. Alternatively, you can move the region of1interest before applying another image processing#technique. To exit, press Dismiss.


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Image Panning

=
When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server9screen, display maps a small panning icon. The rectangle8within the panning icon shows the area that is currently4displayed in the the image window. To pan about the7image, press any button and drag the pointer within the7panning icon. The pan rectangle moves with the pointer:and the image window is updated to reflect the location of5the rectangle within the panning icon. When you have8selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.

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Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down,'left, or right within the image window.

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The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller+than the dimensions of the X server screen.


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User Preferences 

F
Preferences affect the default behavior of display(1). The%preferences are either true or false:




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display image centered on a backdropD
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is usefulGfor hiding other X window activity while viewing the image. The colorBof the backdrop is specified as the background color. Refer to X Resources for details.




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confirm on program exit?
Ask for a confirmation before exiting the display(1)program.




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correct image for display gamma:
If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is correctedEto match that of the X server (see the X ResourcedisplayGamma).




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apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to imageD
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution>for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of severalDneighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when5reducing colors can be improved with this perference.




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use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals@
This option only applies when the default X server visual isDPseudoColor or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual forEmore details. By default, a shared colormap is allocated. The image?shares colors with other X clients. Some image colors could be?approximated, therefore your image may look very different than@intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactly as they areBdefined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the imagecolormap is installed.




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display images as an X server pixmapG
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource toGTrue to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if yourDimage exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to?pan the image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with aBXImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.




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Environment



DISPLAY8
To get the default host, display number, and screen.



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Copyright

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Copyright 1997 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company:Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this8software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby6granted without fee, provided that the above copyright8notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright6notice and this permission notice appear in supporting4documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de1Nemours and Company not be used in advertising or4publicity pertaining to distribution of the software:without specific, written prior permission. E. I. du Pont9de Nemours and Company makes no representations about the4suitability of this software for any purpose. It is5provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

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E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all6warranties with regard to this software, including all8implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no:event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable9for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any6damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or8profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or6other tortious action, arising out of or in connection-with the use or performance of this software.


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Acknowledgements

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The MIT X Consortium for making network transparentgraphics a reality.

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Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of?suggestions and bug reports. Without Peder, ImageMagick-would not be nearly as useful as it is today.

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Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah.9Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the UtahRaster Toolkit.

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Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the5initial implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.

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David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for8providing a computing environment that made this program possible.

DPaul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The9spacial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based onhis Img software.



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Authors

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John Cristy, G cristy@sympatico.org E.I. du Pont de Nemours and CompanyIncorporated.


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4[home page]IImage manipulation software that works like magic.